- Flexbox is a layout with a one-dimensional system either within a row or a column. It is used for the components of an application.
- CSS Grid Layout is a two-dimensional system along with rows and columns. It is used for large-sized layouts.
- CSS Grid Layout is a two-dimensional system along with rows and columns. It is used for large-sized layouts.
The difference between absolute and relative position in CSS is that:
- Absolute: An element with absolute position is removed from the normal flow and placed relative to the nearest positioned ancestor (an element with a position other than static). If there is no such ancestor, it is placed relative to the document body. The element can be moved using the top, right, bottom, and left properties.
- Relative: An element with relative position is placed relative to its normal position in the flow. The element can be offset using the top, right, bottom, and left properties, but other elements will not adjust to fill the gap left by the element.
- Absolute: An element with absolute position is removed from the normal flow and placed relative to the nearest positioned ancestor (an element with a position other than static). If there is no such ancestor, it is placed relative to the document body. The element can be moved using the top, right, bottom, and left properties.
- Relative: An element with relative position is placed relative to its normal position in the flow. The element can be offset using the top, right, bottom, and left properties, but other elements will not adjust to fill the gap left by the element.
The CSS box model is a fundamental concept that describes the layout and sizing of elements. It consists of four parts: content, padding, border, and margin. The content area contains the actual content of the element, while padding adds space between the content and the border. The border surrounds the padding and content, and the margin provides space between the element and other elements.
The hover effect is a CSS technique that allows us to change the appearance or behavior of an element when the user moves the mouse over it.
active: In CSS, the "active" class serves the purpose of styling an element when it is in an active state, usually when it is being clicked or activated by the user.
active: In CSS, the "active" class serves the purpose of styling an element when it is in an active state, usually when it is being clicked or activated by the user.
A CSS preprocessor is a tool that extends the default capabilities of CSS by allowing us to use variables, functions, mixins, loops, and other features that make writing CSS more efficient and maintainable. A CSS preprocessor compiles our code into plain CSS that browsers can understand.
SASS: Sass is one of the most popular CSS preprocessors, and it has many benefits, such as:
- It is compatible with all versions of CSS, so you can use any existing CSS libraries or frameworks with Sass.
- It offers a concise and elegant syntax that makes your code more readable and organized.
- It improves your productivity by reducing the amount of code you have to write and avoiding repetition.
- It makes your code easier to maintain and update by using variables, mixins, and partials.
- It improves your site performance by allowing you to minify and compress your output CSS.
- It has a large and active community that provides support, documentation, and extensions.
- It allows you to customize Bootstrap 4, one of the most popular front-end frameworks, by changing its variables and mixins.
SASS: Sass is one of the most popular CSS preprocessors, and it has many benefits, such as:
- It is compatible with all versions of CSS, so you can use any existing CSS libraries or frameworks with Sass.
- It offers a concise and elegant syntax that makes your code more readable and organized.
- It improves your productivity by reducing the amount of code you have to write and avoiding repetition.
- It makes your code easier to maintain and update by using variables, mixins, and partials.
- It improves your site performance by allowing you to minify and compress your output CSS.
- It has a large and active community that provides support, documentation, and extensions.
- It allows you to customize Bootstrap 4, one of the most popular front-end frameworks, by changing its variables and mixins.
There are different types of selectors in CSS that are used to select HTML elements based on various criteria. Some of the common types of selectors are:
- Element selector: selects elements based on their tag name, such as p or h1.
- Id selector: selects a unique element based on its id attribute, prefixed with #, such as #header.
- Class selector: selects one or more elements based on their class attribute, prefixed with ., such as .button.
- Universal selector: selects all elements on the page, using the * symbol.
- Group selector: selects multiple elements that share the same style rules, separated by commas, such as h1, h2, p.
- Attribute selector: selects elements based on their attribute or attribute value, using brackets, such as [href] or [type="text"]. - Pseudo-class selector: selects elements based on their state, such as :hover or :checked.
- Pseudo-element selector: selects and styles a part of an element, such as ::before or ::first-line.
- Element selector: selects elements based on their tag name, such as p or h1.
- Id selector: selects a unique element based on its id attribute, prefixed with #, such as #header.
- Class selector: selects one or more elements based on their class attribute, prefixed with ., such as .button.
- Universal selector: selects all elements on the page, using the * symbol.
- Group selector: selects multiple elements that share the same style rules, separated by commas, such as h1, h2, p.
- Attribute selector: selects elements based on their attribute or attribute value, using brackets, such as [href] or [type="text"]. - Pseudo-class selector: selects elements based on their state, such as :hover or :checked.
- Pseudo-element selector: selects and styles a part of an element, such as ::before or ::first-line.
CSS specificity is a measure of how specific a selector is when determining which styles should be applied to an element. Specificity is calculated based on the number of ID selectors, class selectors, and element selectors used in the selector. Inline styles have the highest specificity, followed by ID selectors, class selectors, and element selectors. The most specific selector takes precedence.
A pseudo-element in CSS is a keyword added to a selector that allows you to style a specific part of the selected element. It's called "pseudo" because it doesn't actually exist as a separate element in the document's structure but allows for styling parts of an element as if they were distinct elements.
Example of a Pseudo-element
One common pseudo-element is ::before. This pseudo-element allows you to insert content before the content of an element.
Example of a Pseudo-element
One common pseudo-element is ::before. This pseudo-element allows you to insert content before the content of an element.
Media queries are a CSS technique that allows us to apply different styles depending on the browser and device environment. They are commonly used to create responsive web design, which adapts to different screen sizes and orientations.
To use media queries, we need to specify a media type (such as screen or print) and a media feature (such as width or height) that must match for the CSS rules to apply. We can also use logical operators (such as and, not, or) and ranges (such as min-width or max-width) to combine multiple conditions.
To use media queries, we need to specify a media type (such as screen or print) and a media feature (such as width or height) that must match for the CSS rules to apply. We can also use logical operators (such as and, not, or) and ranges (such as min-width or max-width) to combine multiple conditions.
The key methods for making font size responsive in CSS are:
1. Using Relative Units (em, rem)
2. Using Percentage (%)
3. Using Viewport Units (vw, vh)
4. Using CSS calc() Function
5. Media Queries
6. Using CSS clamp() Function
1. Using Relative Units (em, rem)
2. Using Percentage (%)
3. Using Viewport Units (vw, vh)
4. Using CSS calc() Function
5. Media Queries
6. Using CSS clamp() Function
- The transition property is used to animate changes to CSS properties over a specified duration. It defines the transition effect when a property changes from one value to another, allowing for smooth and gradual changes rather than abrupt ones.
- The transform property is used to apply transformations to an element, such as translating, rotating, scaling, or skewing. These transformations can alter the appearance and position of an element without affecting the layout around it.
- The transform property is used to apply transformations to an element, such as translating, rotating, scaling, or skewing. These transformations can alter the appearance and position of an element without affecting the layout around it.
There are several methods to horizontally and vertically center a div inside another div using CSS:
1. Flexbox
Parent: display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center;
2. Grid
Parent: display: grid; place-items: center;
3. Absolute Positioning with Transforms
Parent: position: relative;
Child: position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
4. Using Margins (For Known Dimensions)
Parent: position: relative;
Child: width: [width]; height: [height]; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; margin-top: -[half-height]; margin-left: -[half-width];
5. Using Table Display
Parent: display: table; width: 100%; height: 100%;
Child: display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;
1. Flexbox
Parent: display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center;
2. Grid
Parent: display: grid; place-items: center;
3. Absolute Positioning with Transforms
Parent: position: relative;
Child: position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
4. Using Margins (For Known Dimensions)
Parent: position: relative;
Child: width: [width]; height: [height]; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; margin-top: -[half-height]; margin-left: -[half-width];
5. Using Table Display
Parent: display: table; width: 100%; height: 100%;
Child: display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;
The difference between id and class is that id is a unique identifier that can only be applied to one element on a page, while class can be applied to multiple elements that share the same style. For example, we can use id to style a specific header, and use class to style all the paragraphs that have the same font and color.
CSS margin and padding are two properties that control the space around and inside an element. The main difference between them is that margin is the space outside the element's border, while padding is the space inside the element's border.